The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world . In GSM signaling and speech channels are digital and data communication is easy to build into the system GSM is a cellular network,and mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network-macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.900MHz GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. It uses eight time slots, hence one carrier can support eight full rate or sixteen half rate channels. Channel separation is 200kHz with mobile transmit channels in the range 890 to 915MHz and mobile receive channels in the range 935 to 960MHz. Peak output power of the transmitters depends on the class of the mobile station and can be 0.8, 2, 5, 8, or 20 watts. GSM is based on digital cellular networks which have some advantages as listed below Greater spectrum usage efficiency compared to analogue approaches. Improved service quality for users in the form of improved speech quality, improved security through inbuilt encryption (there is none at present), and higher connection reliability. Larger number of advanced user services and easier linkage to private and public ISDN networks. CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM GSM uses multiple access technology like FDMA/TDMA and CDMA TDMA. With time division multiple access simultaneous conversations are supported by users transmitting in short bursts at different times or slots. FDMA. In frequency division multiple access, the total band is split into narrow frequency subbands and a channel is allocated exclusively to each user during the course of a call. One is used for transmission and one for reception. CDMA. Code division multiple access allows all users access to all frequencies with the allocated band. A single user is extracted from the mayhem by looking for each users individual code using a correlator. Although not selected for the current generation of mobile digital technologies, CDMA holds much promise as the future technology of choice for GSM replacement in the next century. †¢ GSM uses frequency division duplexing. †¢ Channel for uplink is from : 890 915 MHz †¢ Channel for downlink is from 935 960 MHz †¢ Distance b/w the frequencies used for uplink and downlink (duplex distance) is 45 MHz †¢ Frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan(channel spacing) is 200khz. †¢ Total number of frequencies are equal to 124 †¢ Bit rate of each channel is 270.9 kbit/s †¢ Duration of data frame in GSM is 4.615 msec †¢ Number of time slots are 8 and each slot is of (4.615 / 8) 0.577 m sec Speech bit rate is 13 kbits /sec ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM The first GSM system specification was published in July 1991 and was immediately followed by several false starts. This was brought about by a combination over-optimism, difficulties in type approval testing, and inevitable changes to the GSM specification. The first terminals appeared on the market in June 1992. A combination of high demand for mobile services and a lack of capacity in the installed analogue network, has made Germany the most advanced country for GSM deployment. In the UK, Vodafone have said that they now cover 60-70% of the UK population with their GSM service and expect 90% coverage by mid 1993. GSM has also been accepted for use by over seventeen European countries and several others including New Zealand and Hong Kong ending a period of diverse and proprietary standards. Some of the problems which were faced by the Europians when implementing these brand new technology were In many countries there is no overt demand or need for GSM. Analogue services are available and under employed. GSM coverage needs to be as wide as analogue before users will swap over. The current generation of GSM hand portables are not as small or as light as analogue variants. This will limit the interest of many users, even though a better service may be provided by GSM technology. Terminal prices for digital technologies are high compared to analogue. It is likely that it will be very difficult to get users to pay higher call charges for an improved service so GSM cannot be positioned as a higher quality/higher price service. CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION Modulation scheme which is used in GSM is GMSK which is based on MSK.MSK uses linear phase changes and is spectral efficient. Block diagram of GMSK generator: Some of the properties of the GMSK are Improved spectral efficiency Power Spectral Density Reduced main lobe over MSK Requires more power to transmit data than many comparable modulation schemes Before the GMSK can be explained, some fundamentals of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) must be known. MSK (MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0s and 1s, but unlike most other keying schemes we have seen in class, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what information is being sent, but what was previously sent. Following is the pulse used in MSK Where if a 1 was sent if a 0 was sent To see how this works assume that the data being sent is 111010000, then the phase of the signal would fluctuate as seen below In order to see the signal constellation diagram consider the following equations which can be simplefied as where and Thus the equations for s1 and s2 depend only on andwith each taking one of two possible values. Therefore there are 4 different possibilities therefore the signal constellation diagram will be Advantages of MFSK MSK produces a power spectrum density that falls off much faster compared to the spectrum of QPSK. While QPSK falls off at the inverse square of the frequency, MSK falls off at the inverse fourth power of the frequency. Thus MSK can operate in a smaller bandwidth compared to QPSK GMSK(GAUSSIAN-MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) Even though MSKs power spectrum density falls quite fast, it does not fall fast enough so that interference between adjacent signals in the frequency band can be avoided. To take care of the problem, the original binary signal is passed through a Gaussian shaped filter before it is modulated with MSK. The principle parameter in designing an appropriate Gaussian filter is the time-bandwidth product WTb.Following figure shows the frequency response of different Gaussian filters.MSK has a time-bandwidth product of infinity As can be seen that GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker than MSKs. Furthermore, as WTb is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker In the GSM standard a time-bandwidth product of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency and intersymbol interference. With this value of WTb, 99% of the power spectrum is within a bandwidth of 250 kHz, and since GSM spectrum is divided into 200 kHz channels for multiple access, there is very little interference between the channels The speed at which GSM can transmit at, with WTb=0.3, is 271 kb/s. It cannot go faster, since that would cause intersymbol interference CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM The strong demand for GSM is continuing. Today, GSM is used by 2.3 billion people worldwide and the strong growth is expected to be maintained. Most of the expansion occurs in high-growth markets, where the cost of mobile calls and terminals is crucial. With the success of GSM and to meet the demanding requirements of the subscribers, GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE has been introduced which offer high data rates for the transmission. 3rd Generation (3G) systems will soon be introduced in Pakistan offering new and interesting services to the users and will bring internet to new levels In future strong focus of GSM operators will be on maintaining high quality of service, increasing usage and exploring new revenue streams on value added services, market visibility through various market initiatives to fulfill subscribers satisfaction and demand and above all to increase the value of investment for the shareholders. MATLAB CODE (IMPLEMENTATION OF GMSK) clear all; close all; DRate = 1; % data rate or 1 bit in one second M = 18; % no. of sample per bit N = 36; % no. of bits for simulation [-18:18] BT = 0.5; % Bandwidth*Period (cannot change ) T = 1/DRate; % data period , i.e 1 bit in one second Ts = T/M; k=[-18:18]; % Chens values. More than needed; % only introduces a little more delay alpha = sqrt(log(2))/(2*pi*BT); % alpha calculated for the gaussian filter response h = exp(-(k*Ts).^2/(2*alpha^2*T^2))/(sqrt(2*pi)*alpha*T); % Gaussian Filter Response in time domain figure; plot(h) title(Response of Gaussian Filter); xlabel( Sample at Ts); ylabel( Normalized Magnitude); grid; bits = [zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36)]; % Modulation m = filter(h,1,bits);% bits are passed through the all pole filter described by h, i.e bits are % shaped by gaussian filter t0=.35; % signal duration ts=0.00135; % sampling interval fc=200; % carrier frequency kf=100; % Modulation index fs=1/ts; % sampling frequency t=[0:ts:t0]; % time vector df=0.25; % required frequency resolution int_m(1)=0; for i=1:length(t)-1 % Integral of m int_m(i+1)=int_m(i)+m(i)*ts; end tx_signal=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_m); % it is frequency modulation not the phase modulating with the integral of the signal x = cos(2*pi*fc*t); y = sin(2*pi*fc*t); figure; subplot(3,1,1) stem(bits(1:200)) title(Gaussian Filtered Pulse Train); grid; subplot(3,1,2) plot(m(1:230)) title(Gaussian Shaped train); xlim([0 225]); subplot(3,1,3) plot(tx_signal) title(Modulated signal); xlim([0 225]); % Channel Equalization %load C:CASEDigital_Communicationprojectgmskalichannel.mat load channel.mat h = channel; N1 = 700; x1 = randn(N1,1); d = filter(h,1,x1); Ord = 256; Lambda = 0.98; delta = 0.001; P = delta*eye(Ord); w = zeros(Ord,1); for n = Ord:N1 u = x1(n:-1:n-Ord+1); pi = P*u; k = Lambda + u*pi; K = pi/k; e(n) = d(n) w*u; w = w + K *e(n); PPrime = K*pi; P = (P-PPrime)/Lambda; w_err(n) = norm(h-w); end figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(w); title(Channel Response); subplot(3,1,2); plot(h,r); title(Adaptive Channel Response); rcvd_signal = conv(h,tx_signal); subplot(3,1,3); plot(rcvd_signal); title(Received Signal); eq_signal = conv(1/w,rcvd_signal); figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); subplot(3,1,2); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); axis([208 500 -2 2]); subplot(3,1,3); plot(tx_signal,r); title(Modulated Signal); % Demodulation eq_signal1 = eq_signal(200:460-1); In = x.*eq_signal1; Qn = y.*eq_signal1; noiseI = awgn(In,20); noiseQ = awgn(Qn,20); I = In + noiseI; Q = Qn + noiseQ; LP = fir1(32,0.18); yI = filter(LP,1,I); yQ = filter(LP,1,Q); figure; subplot(2,1,1); plot(yI); title(Inphase Component); xlim([0 256]); subplot(2,1,2); plot(yQ); title(Quadrature Component); xlim([0 256]); Z = yI + yQ*j; demod(1:N) = imag(Z(1:N)); demod(N+1:length(Z)) = imag(Z(N+1:length(Z)).*conj(Z(1:length(Z)-N))); xt = -10*demod(1:N/2:length(demod)) xd = xt(4:2:length(xt)) figure; stem(xd) title(Demodulated Signal); OUTPUTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION MSK GMSK CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM CHAPTER 6: MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION

Perfume †Grenouille Analysis Essay

Throughout the story â€Å"Perfume† by Patrick Suskind, Grenouille is presented as an outsider who is a product of both social and moral decay shown through his birth, description of the setting and description of Grenouille’s characteristics. Grenouille was born in the malodorous fish market of Paris in the â€Å"18th century†, where the 18th century was a period of tragedy and chaos where foul smells were everywhere. Moreover, Grenouille being born in a â€Å"fish market† indicates the evil and unnatural nature of Grenouille as he is born in the worst smelling, filthiest and unnatural place in Paris. Even more, being born in a fish market in a â€Å"pile of fish guts† shows Grenouille as a victim of social decay where society and degraded so far to the point where babies mattered just as much as fish guts. Obviously, Grenouille’s future is seen to be full of sin and filthiness as seen from his birth place. Furthermore, from the moment Grenouille was born, he was endowed with a powerful sense of smell which he â€Å"used as a language† further suggesting his filthy and malicious future as the first smell he smelt was the disgusting stench of the fish market foreshadowing his disgusting future intentions. Using smell â€Å"as a language†, shows the difference between him and all other people in society making him an outsider. Similarly, like an animal, Grenouille uses sense of smell to communicate and judge his surroundings portraying his animalistic characteristics inside as well as the predator within him using scent to track prey as animals do. Clearly, Grenouille’s powerful sense of smell foreshadows his violent, animalistic future intentions. Conversely, through free indirect discourse, Suskind develops sympathy for Grenouille and portrays him as an outsider and a product of social decay. There is described to be a â€Å"stench barely conceivable† showing Grenouilles abundance of a smell setting him aside and different to â€Å"the people, the stairwells, the parlours and the bedrooms.. † making him different to anything normal making him an outsider. However, sympathy is developed for him when he describes everything in society to have a stench showing that he felt everything in society and all the people in it stank thus causing him to become a victim of social decay. Grenouille is further conveyed as a victim of social decay when upper class supposedly high ranked and highly respected people are portrayed as fools and almost idiots. Through Comic Irony Father Terrier is seen as an uneducated fool and childish when using the phrase â€Å"poohpeedooh†. The repetition of this phrase further illustrates the foolish nature of a highly respected person showing social decay. Moreover, presenting the upper class in France as silly and foolish shows the decay of society and how even foolish people such as Father Terrier are respected and looked up to making Grenouille a victim to this social decay as well as an outsider as he does not respect these foolish upper class people and does not follow the demands of society. Similarly, Grenouille is again seen as an outsider when society refuses to accept him. His mother leaves him to die in a pile of fish guts and many others refuse to take him in, leaving him as an unwanted outsider. Again this foreshadows his future actions of violence and murder when society rejects him and many people act on their basic instincts and leave him to die suggesting a sense of evil in him. Grenouille is further shown as an outsider when he is described to have a â€Å"lack of scent†. This lack of scent clearly shows he is unnatural and he is not a normal being as well as further suggests his evil nature as he is able to move around unnoticed by anything allowing him to be able to do things unnoticed. Clearly, Grenouille has an unnatural, evil feel to him as seen through his characteristics and the way he is rejected purely but instincts by society. As seen from his birthplace, the setting and his characteristics Grenouille is clearly an outsider in society and this will ultimately lead to the murder of several women as well as chaos.

Perl programming language Essay

Perl is a high level programming language as it is designed to take care of the various problems of the business users. It facilitates programming for a wide range of tasks such as system administration, web development, network programming, excellent support for text processing, collection of third party modules and Graphical User Interface development. The most special feature of this language is that it can enable one to adopt multiple programming and design paradigms such as procedural, object oriented and functional styles. This allows one to take any shape when it comes to serving a larger domain of programmers with varied objectives. Perl programming language also facilitates reference counting memory management schemes which help the garbage collection algorithms to dereference the unused objects in the memory (Sheppard, 2000). One of the biggest ability of Perl as a programming language is that it can facilitate the use of databases and efficient use of SQL language. Its database drivers which are implemented as third party modules can access up to 50 databases. Perl optimizes jobs for performance and makes sure that it is tuned for performance using the inline codes of ‘C’ and ‘Assembler’. The interpreted nature makes it possible to insert inline modules of other languages thus also making the programming language slower in performance. Perl is also used in writing CGI scripts which facilitated web programming to a large extent. Major website’s like amazon. com, bbc. com and many others use Perl almost extensively. Perl is termed as a glue language as it happens to interface successfully with systems and various interfaces for data transfer and use.

Women Who Were Models of Roman Virtue

The Cult You re By Kalle Lasn - 1683 Words

The phenomenon of consumerism is quiet powerful due to the impact on individual’s lives. Society has come to the point, happiness is associated with consumption. However, the way consumerism works, is if the items being purchased gives temporary happiness. There individuals are always buying the latest products to remain happy. In the text, â€Å"The Cult you’re in† Kalle Lasn, discusses a cult-like nature of consumer culture on Americans. Lasn uses the work ‘cult’ as a metaphor; he does not mean an actual cult but American consumers seem to be in a cult-like nature. The ideal example of Lasns argument is the text, â€Å"The man behind Abercrombie and Fitch†, Benoit Denizet-Lewis, goes in great depth of the life of the CEO, Mike Jeffries, of†¦show more content†¦Denizet-Lewis states, â€Å"Jeffries obsession with building brands began when he was five. He grew up in Los Angeles, where his father owned a chain of party supple store s for which a young Jeffries liked to organize and design windows and counters (369)†. Since Jeffries was a child, he wanted to build brands to attract more people into the consumer cult. However, Jeffries wanted to be a type of leader, to attract people as customers by marketing and branding practices. Lasn quote is an example of the consumer and Denizet-Lewis’s quote is an example of Jeffrey wanting to be a leader to attract consumers. However being a consumer or a leader as is displayed in the quotes above, begins before one is even conscious about it. Teenage years are some of the toughest years a person may go through, on account of it being all about the mindset and trying to fit in. The teen years or rebel years, is usually spent in the mall with friends with the endeavor to get away with stealing, drinking or doing drugs by the authorities. Basically, doing such acts that one knows is forbidden, however if you get away with it, gives you a feeling of having great power over authority figures. Lasn states, â€Å"One day you act drunk and trick them into â€Å"arresting† you- only this time it actually is soda in the can. You are immensely pleased with yourself (379)†. In the rebellious years, getting the authorities to believe one accomplished something bad, gives this feeling,Show MoreRelatedThe Cult You re By Kalle Lasn1372 Words   |  6 Pagestext, â€Å"The Cult you’re in† Kalle Lasn, discusses a cult-like nature of consumer culture on Americans. Lasn uses the work ‘cult’ as a me taphor; he does not mean an actual cult but American consumers seem to be in a cult-like nature. The ideal example of Lasns argument is the text, â€Å"The man behind Abercrombie and Fitch†, Benoit Denizet-Lewis, goes in great depth of the life of the CEO, Mike Jeffries, of Abercrombie and Fitch. Denizet Lewis’s piece on Jeffries life displays how accurate Lasns claim is

Essay about Teaching Children Respect - 1716 Words

Teaching Children Respect Americans has placed too much responsibility on schools and teachers. Parents need to take command of the moral development of their children, starting with the issue of respect. Respect starts at an early age. You teach a child to say thank you, no thank you, and please. These are normal and common first steps to respect and are considered being manner able. Most parents expect there children to use these courteous phrases to them, their selves, the parent. Teachers and schools should not have to be responsible for teaching your child manners, common courtesy, nor respect. It is hard enough for teachers to maintain a learning curriculum on general studies let alone moral, ethics and values. Teachers†¦show more content†¦Teachers can only assume so much responsibility because we only have control over so much. Until teachers can contribute to the budget of the school, to the rule and regulations of school, to the hiring and firing in the school, until we are empowered to do that, don’t hold me accountable. Because I have no way of changing what I have to work with. I can’t change the fact that there’s no money for the books that I need. If I can’t change what’s in the home, I can’t change the [Child] who comes to school. I take my work very seriously, but until those things are corrected, I do not want to hear about people holding me accountable. (Susan Lloyd, Alabama) I believe that teachers do not quiet command the respect they did 30 years ago. People question teachers sometimes, and parents do not back them up quiet as much as they used to. This is true, and it’s too bad. But it is true. (Ruth Jean Andersen, Kansas) As a substitute pre-school teacher through fifth-grade, I can honestly say that I have had my hands full with trying to establish common ground and behavior issues from students and it certainly is hard to set and make examples when you have other children with little guidance from home disrupt your class because of their attitudes and actions. They feel that if it is ok to disrespect their parents and others outside of school it is ok for them to do it at school as well. With pre-school up to 2nd grade it is easy to fit manners and otherShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Social Values On Schools985 Words   |  4 PagesPersons nowadays have been forgetting the real meaning and importance of social values. We are witnesses of h ow almost every day the lack of social values is affecting the development of the students, our children, to succeed in life. 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Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure

Questions: 1. Why is Mrs. Morales on these drugs? 2. How do these drugs work together to address Mrs. Morales's underlying pathologic conditions? 3. What patient variables are most important to consider for Mrs. Morales when assessing her drug therapy? 4. Are the any aspects of core durg knowledge that are especially relevant to consider because they may interact with the core patient vaiables? 5. Which findings from the nursing assessment demonstrate the effectiveness of drug therapy? 6. Which findings from the nursing assessment demonstrate possible adverse effects from drug therapy? 7. What actions are indicated to maximize therapeutic effects? 8. What actions are indicated to maximize adverse effects? 9. What teaching is required for Mrs. Morales regarding her drug therapy? Do you need any additional data to determine appropriate teaching? Answers: 1. Mrs. Morales is a 62 years old lady who is suffering from Hypertension. Mrs. Morales has been advised to remain on lovastatin, hydrochlorothiazide and captopril drug therapy because she has a high blood pressure and is suffering from hypertension. 2. These drugs work together in order to address the underlying pathologic conditions of Mrs. Morales. These are used to treat high blood pressure. The main action of these drugs is to lower the amount of cholesterol made by the liver so that there is a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke and heart attack (Pemu Ofili, 2008). 3. The age of the patient, gender and body weight are important parameters that need to be considered for assessing the drug therapy for a patient. Other factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, stress and diet also plays an important role. In this case, Mrs. Morales is non-alcoholic and she does not smoke as well. 4. Yes, there are certain aspects of core drug knowledge that are relevant to consider as they may interact with core patient variables. These include the complete information and knowledge about the side effects of combined drug therapy. For instance, captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and lovastatin should not be recommended to patients suffering from diabetes, liver or kidney disease and to pregnant ladies. 5. The following findings from nursing assessment demonstrate the effectiveness of drug therapy. These are reduction in blood pressure from the initial follow-up visit to subsequent visits and reduction in the serum cholesterol levels. Also reduction in weight has stopped and weight of patient remains unchanged after that. Regular exercise and dietary intake especially of low cholesterol foods is also recommended for such patients along with the drug therapy for effective treatment. 6. The possible adverse effects from drug therapy include complaints of cold and persistent cough in this case of Mrs. Morales. Depression, headache, dizziness, chest and body pain are some other effects which could be possible (Kapur Musunuru, 2008). 7. The actions which are recommended to maximize the therapeutic effects of drugs involve proper intake of daily diet. The diet should include foods which are low in cholesterol, like for example, in this case, the patient is advised to stop eating eggs and to eat the red meat only once in a week as these are rich in cholesterol. Reduction in salt intake and use of herbs to enhance the flavour is recommended. Also Mrs. Morales is recommended to do exercise and walk 1 mile daily. 8. The actions which are recommended to minimize the adverse effects of drugs involve proper consideration on the dosage, frequency and amount of drug as well as through which route the drug is administered in the body of patient. In this case, hydrochlorothiazide is discontinued when the drug captopril is introduced and also the dosage of lovastatin was reduced. 9. The teachings required for Mrs. Morales regarding her drug therapy include advising her to actively listen what all her doctor recommends about the name of drugs, their dosage and drugs which need to be discontinued during treatment. Also, she needs to strictly follow her dietary intake and do regular physical exercise. Yes, some additional data regarding the drug therapy is required to determine appropriate teaching. References Pemu, B.P., Ofili, E. (2008). Hypertension in Women: Part 1. The Journal of Cinical Hypertension. Vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 406-410. Kapur, N.K., Musunuru, K. (2008). Cinical efficacy and safety of statins in managing cardiovascular risk. Vascular Risk and Health Management. Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 341-353.