Impact of Foreign Aid on Poverty and Economic Development in Nigeria

Part ONE INTRODUCTION This task centers around the destitution profile in Nigeria, the remote guides given to the country to help mitigate neediness and how it influences the monetary improvement of Nigeria. As indicated by the World Bank site, â€Å"poverty is hunger. It is absence of safe house. Neediness is being wiped out and not having the option to see a specialist. It isn't having the option to go to class, not realizing how to peruse, and not having the option to talk appropriately. Neediness isn't having an occupation, and is dread for the future, and living each day in turn. It is losing a kid to sickness realized by messy water. Also, in conclusion, it is feebleness, absence of portrayal and opportunity. † Poverty is the powerlessness to accomplish a specific least way of life. It is multidimensional, including an absence of pay, yet additionally sick wellbeing, ignorance, absence of access to essential social administrations, and little chance to take an interest in forms that impact people’s lives. Mollie Orshansky, who built up the neediness estimations utilized by U. S government expresses that neediness is â€Å"to be poor is to be denied of products and enterprises, and different delights that individuals around us take for granted† (Schwartz, 2005) Poverty is unavoidable; as around 1. billion individuals on the planet despite everything live on not exactly a dollar daily and almost 850 million individuals go hungry consistently. (World Bank) According to Jhighan (2003), destitution is a hopelessness go-round tormenting the less evolved nations. 1. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The desti tution level in Nigeria; as portrayed by the World Bank (1996) is a Catch 22 that repudiates the gigantic riches it has. Nigeria is a nation enriched with human, rural, oil, gas and enormous undiscovered mineral assets. It earned over US$300 billion from only oil during the most recent three many years of the twentieth century. Instead of recoding amazing advancement in national, financial turn of events, Nigeria has retrogressed to being one of the 25 least fortunate nations of the 21st century while she was among the most extravagant 50 in the mid 70s. Nigeria delighted in consistent financial development and relative solidness during the 1960s and 70s particularly with rise of the mining enterprises. The per-capita pay developed consistently and not many individuals were between the destitution line as the rural open and mechanical parts consumed a most elevated level of the work power. In the mid 1980s, extreme financial emergency shook Nigeria carrying alongside them genuine and saw increments in the degree of neediness in the nation. This was because of variables, for example, declining costs of oil, the country’s principle send out, increases in the genuine universal loan fees that intensified the outside obligation and ensuing easing back down of monetary exercises and development. The major hidden reason for every one of these was household strategy botches. (Aigbokhan, 2000) In 1980, destitution was viewed as a rustic marvel however by 1985, it had spread to urban zones. This was because of the high country urban movement that went with the force to advancement created by oil incomes. Additionally, the breakdown of oil trades salary and huge importation of food to meet the creation limit in the rural area seriously influenced urban inhabitants. Financial changes were presented by the legislature in 1986; Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), which prompted the expulsion of decrease of endowments that were by chance vital to improving human government assistance. Government spending on social administrations got troubling while the quality and amount of open social administrations declined, particularly in poor networks. Its social expenses are reflected in expanding joblessness, cuts in social administrations, and general increments in the costs of fundamental items. The monetary change program put untold difficulty on the helpless gatherings of the general public, for example, the ladies, youngsters and the matured, who make up a bigger portion of poor people. The way of life of the general people fell and prompted poor access to food, cover, instruction, wellbeing and different fundamentals of life. In 1992, urban neediness continued as before at 37. 5% while rustic destitution decreased to 46%. By 1996, it was clear that urban neediness had become an expanding issue in Nigeria. For instance, the quantity of individuals in destitution expanded from 27% in 1980 to 46% in 1985. it declined marginally to 42% in 1992, and expanded forcefully to 67% in 1996. In 1999, gauges indicated that over 70% of Nigerians lived in destitution. The administration at that point announced in November 1999 that the 470 billion naira financial plan for the year 2000 was â€Å"to mitigate destitution. † By 1996, Nigeria had become the thirteenth most unfortunate nation on the planet and involved the 142nd position on the human advancement file (HDI) scale. World Bank, 1996) With the changes, the genuine development got positive yet there was as yet an inquiry whether the change eased destitution; how far neediness was decreased. Outside guide is the financial assistance given to networks of nations because of the event of a compassionate emergency or for the accomplishment of a financial ta rget. There are two sorts of helps: Humanitarian guide is the quick help given to people, associations or government for crisis alleviation brought about by war or catastrophic events. Advancement help will be help given by created nations to help monetary or social improvement in creating nations to make long haul practical financial development. The wellsprings of remote guides incorporate reciprocal and multilateral guides. Reciprocal guide is given by the legislature of one nation legitimately to another. Multilateral guide is help from a worldwide money related establishment, for example, the World Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the African, Asian and Inter-American Development Banks; the European Development Fund; and different United Nations organizations, for example, the United Nations Development Program. These associations are administered by individual contributing nations and capital markets. Non-legislative Organizations (NGOs) likewise assume a significant job in circulating guides. Tied guide is the guide which the giver requires a beneficiary to go through a few or the entirety of its outside guide on products and ventures created in the donor’s nation. This procedure is called tying of helps. This should likewise be possible by offering help as financed credit for the acquisition of its fares. Lion's share of the NGOs in Nigeria get remote guides from USAID (The United States Agency for International Development) USAID is an autonomous government office that gets generally speaking international strategy rules from the United States Secretary of State. It tries to stretch out some assistance to nations battling for a superior life, recouping from a debacle or endeavoring to live. It underpins financial development, farming, exchange, wellbeing, majority rule government, strife anticipation and helpful help. Different associations in Nigeria likewise get assets from USAID to attempt ventures extending from HIV/AIDS counteraction to carrying sun powered vitality to a country town. Then again, Nigeria is presently not qualified to get concedes during that Time Challenge Corporation (MCC), which was built up under President Bush as a major aspect of the â€Å"new understanding for worldwide turn of events. † Its crucial to lessen worldwide destitution through advancement of feasible financial development. Before a nation is qualified to get help, MCC takes a gander at their presentation on 16 free and straightforward arrangement markers. Nigeria is a nation, deliberately imperative to the U. S. furthermore, a nation whose residents are extraordinarily out of luck. Simultaneously, it is a nation whose legislature doesn't breeze through the assessment for accepting guide through the MCC. 1. 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Poverty is a relentless issue which has existed for quite a while in Nigeria. A great deal of strategies have been applied to lighten it however absent a lot of accomplishmen t. This examination x-beams the commitment of outside guides as an answer for this issue. The particular issues we will take a gander at in this investigation are the reasons for neediness and furthermore how remote guides can add to destitution decrease in the Nigerian economy. . 3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The significant goal of this investigation is to look at the impacts of neediness and remote guides given to us on the advancement of the economy. The examination will concentrate on other miniaturized scale destinations, which include: I. To examine the neediness profile and talk about the national patterns of destitution in Nigeria. ii. To survey the causes, measures and effect of destitution on the GDP of Nigeria. iii. To distinguish the structures and jobs of the remote guides given to Nigeria. iv. To distinguish the connection between outside guides and destitution in the Nigerian economy. 4. Hypothetical FRAMEWORK This investigation utilizes the hypothetical structure utilized by Ogbuaku, Adebisi and Feridun (2006) in light of the neoclassical development model by Barro (1991). It depends on a little open economy adaptation of the Solow (1956)- Swan (1956) development model. The choice to consider outside guide in an open economy, instead of a shut, is three overlap. To start with, the vast majority of the economies that get remote guide should sensibly be viewed as little and open. Second, to the degree that universal credit markets are defective, a few types of remote guide can positively affect poor people. Third, in our experimental work we give measurable proof to propose that more noteworthy universal transparency and access to credit invigorates monetary development. 5. Procedure The information for this investigation will be predominantly from optional sources, for example, World Bank reports, Central Bank of Nigeria distributions, for example, the CBN Economic and Financial Review Bullions, infrequent papers, CBN yearly reports and explanation of records, Federal Office of Statistics (Statistical announcement) and other important diaries. This exploration utilizes econometrics in evaluating the connection between neediness, remote guides and its commitment to the improvement of the Nigerian economy. The numerous relapse procedure is utilized in acquire

Empowerment of the theatre Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strengthening of the theater - Dissertation Example They are satisfying, however assume a main job in upgrading the social prosperity of a given populace. When investigated ideally, it is fulfilling and fulfilling both at an individual and network level. As the worldwide condition turns out to be innovatively cutting-edge, this field of determination is progressively investigating mechanical headways furthering its potential benefit. As of now, innovation is at the inside phase of the field of theater. Much the same as different fields of social, social and financial significance, the field of theater expressions require strengthening and backing so as to flourish. Strengthening in such manner includes budgetary, infrastructural and moral help. Without a doubt, there are special gifts inside the populace that can be investigated for financial addition. Be that as it may, to accomplish ideal yields from this, it is basic for the influenced people to be energized and enabled as needs be. Now, it merits valuing that with the end goal for ability to be perceived thusly, it should be sustained and created to development. This can't be acknowledged without the assistance from various relative organizations and individual characters with an enthusiasm for this field. In this manner in spite of the fact that theater expressions to a great extent lead to individual satisfaction, influenced people and theater foundations should be upheld in various manners all together for both themselves and the network to profit by their abilities. The theater should be engaged in light of the fact that it similarly enables populaces in various manners. Through this, nearby networks can introduce their perspectives to applicable partners. It is utilized as a ‘societal mirror’ and much of the time, viewed as intelligent of the necessities of the nearby populaces. Through this, local people can express their perspectives as needs be. The way that they can settle on an effect on cultural dynamic can't be questioned. Therefore since theater is a significant network strengthening instrument, it should be enabled as well. Foundation to the Study Theater is a creative field that has increased incredible significance in the social scene in the ongoing past. It accept various structures including show, video creations and music among others. In his investigation, Rohd (1998, p. 63) demonstrates that venue is a field of particular that has its underlying foundations in the social originations of worldwide populaces. Hence in many cases, relative introductions are intelligent of the way of life of the particular populaces. Progressively, this field has been investigated for financial additions. It lies in the diversion docket and relative bits of craftsmanship are constantly redone to address the issues, interests and prerequisites of the customers. Because of the developing needs of the populace, the scholastic circle has additionally added to the improvement of this field. In this regard, theater expressions a re instructed in taking in organizations from an essential level. This is in a piece to upgrade the capacity of the understudies and hone their gifts. Over the long haul, they produce results of highest caliber and which are serious in the market condition. As it were, this empowers them to get by as well as flourish in media outlets. As of right now, praiseworthy execution in any field of particular requires a person to be supplied with basic aptitudes and information. Moreover, Thompson (2003, p. 52) contends that people need to have

What Does It Mean to Be Egocentric

What Does It Mean to Be Egocentric Theories Personality Psychology Print What It Means to Be Egocentric By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 23, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 29, 2019 Alma Haser / Stone / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The term egocentric is a concept that originated within  Piagets theory of childhood development. Egocentrism refers to someones inability to understand that another persons view or opinion may be different than their own. It represents a cognitive bias, in that someone would assume that others share the same perspective as they do, unable to imagine that other people would have a perception of their own. Another development theorist, David Elkind, expanded on this idea of egocentrism to with regards to adolescence. Elkind described A heightened self-awareness and self-conscious, saying that teenagers often feel that others are watching them and that they are extraordinarily concerned with what others think of them. Although most people grow out of this egocentric mindset, we are aware that others do not and that they tend to bring some of these same self-focused traits in their adult lives and relationships.   The Difference Between Egocentric and Narcissistic Since the term egocentric describes someone who is self-focused and unable to imagine any other perspective than their own, you might wonder if this is the same thing as narcissism. Although there are some parallels, there is a distinct difference between egocentric and narcissistic personalities. Some of the similarities between egocentric and narcissistic include: Focus on own perception and opinionLack of empathyInability to recognize needs of othersExcessive thoughts of how others might view themDecision-making around the needs of self In addition to these traits, however, narcissistic people also demonstrate: Excessive need for recognition and admirationView self as extraordinarily worthy or importantSense of entitlementManipulate others to get what they wantArrogant and pretentious behaviorsPreoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, or beauty A primary difference between being egocentric and narcissism is that someone who is narcissistic constantly seeks admiration from others with a need to feel important and valued.?? Keep in mind that we all may have egocentric and narcissistic tendencies, but specific criteria need to be met in order for someone to have a clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. The Impact of Egocentric Behavior Egocentric people can find it difficult to connect with others or maintain meaningful relationships for a long period of time. The bias toward self can result in an egocentric person struggling at home, at work, and within their intimate relationships.?? The primary reason for these struggles is the lack of ability to empathize or imagine someones perspective other than their own. As you can imagine, this might negatively impact things like: TrustCloseness or intimacyEmotional attunementDecision makingCollaborationTeamwork It can feel challenging to be around  someone who is egocentric because you feel invisible or feel that you have no voice when spending time with them. Some of the ways being around an egocentric person might impact us  include feelings of: Low Self-Worth:  When we feel irrelevant we are left feeling low as if our opinions dont matterSelf-Doubt: You may question your own judgment or perceptionConfusion: You may wonder if the person recognizes their egocentric waysSadness: You may feel sorry for the person or sad for yourself after interacting with themAnger: It can be difficult to practice assertiveness with an egocentric person, which can lead to frustration and anger over not feeling seen or heardResentment: After a time, you might find yourself bitter toward them for the ways they behave and how you feel after interactionsDetachment: Unfortunately, if the pattern continues, you may desire to move away from the person as much as you can in order to protect your sense of self. There may be times when you can simply choose to limit your exposure to an egocentric person, however, there are many situations in which it is not an option and you have to learn how to take care of yourself while in their presence. Egocentrics in Relationships For the egocentric person, life can feel isolating and anxiety-producing. When living with a cognitive bias, an egocentric person may believe that all eyes are on them and that every move or decision they make is noticed by others. This can create a tremendous amount of pressure for that person, causing anxiety around their decision making and social interactions. Even when they want to connect with others they may not know how to do that or may make efforts to connect and become confused as to why their efforts dont work. To be in a relationship with someone who is egocentric can feel very lonely and you might feel you are never seen, heard or valued in the relationship. Your partner may make important decisions without you, make plans based on their needs and schedule, or seem distant or uninterested if you come to them with an emotional need for comfort, reassurance or encouragement. The egocentric partner may believe that the relationship is fine when their partner is often left feeling invisible and devalued. Common Egocentric Traits It is common for most people to have some level of egocentrism. Research has shown that adults tend to have egocentric shortcomings in the following ways: False Consensus Effect: When we overestimate how much other people share our perspective or preferences. We tend to think that others would agree with us or see things our way.??Curse of Knowledge: When those who are experts in their field tend to talk above people around them on that topic. They forget that there is a difference between the level of knowledge they have on the topic compared to those around them.Illusion of Transparency: When people feel that others can clearly see their emotional state in a given experience. For example, we might think that others can see how anxious we feel when we are giving a presentation at work.Spotlight Effect: When people overestimate how much others are noticing their presence or behaviors. We may walk into a room and feel like people are watching our every move when, in reality, they are casually interacting with each other and may not notice us at all. How to Become Less Egocentric Since we all have an egocentric slant to some degree we can all benefit from softening our egocentric edge. Being self-focused can be a benefit when we are trying to stick to our values or when we are feeling disrespected. However, when an egocentric mindset begins to negatively impact our everyday behavior it can cause problems. There are helpful tips  for becoming less egocentric Slow down. Sometimes we make decisions based out of fear. Fear likes to pressure us and force us to think in a very flight or fight way, even when we are not in the presence of danger. Slowing down can help you clarify what it is that needs to be decided, considering how your decision may impact those around you.Look around. We like to think that life is all about us. There are people around us who care and want to be a part of our lives and decision making. Look around and see who is standing by you and willing to help.Take a chance. Sometimes people become more egocentric because they have learned through experience that they cannot trust others to be there for them. As you look around and notice who is standing by you, take a chance to let someone show you what they can do. Not only are you practicing walking through your fears but allowing someone who cares about you to get close.Stay present. Just as some egocentric people have learned to not trust others, some have learned to n ever show vulnerability. Even if you make a decision and someone notices a misstep, keep moving. All of us want to live well and it never feels comfortable when others see our mistakes. Staying present allows you to practice navigating uncomfortable situations, learning that you can move through them and still be okay. A Word From Verywell All of us are a bit egocentric at times. But, a truly egocentric person does not consider others and is heavily focused on needs and desires of self to the point of not being able to recognize or consider the opinions of others or to empathize. Although it may feel that someone like this is narcissistic, an egocentric person does not necessarily obsess over things like success, beauty, or status. They simply dont consider other people in their decision making. It is important to emotionally take care of yourself if you happen to be around an egocentric person. Remember that their inability to consider your perspective or opinion is about their cognitive bias, not a result of anything you have done. Keeping a thoughtful  distance from their behavior can help you emotionally protect yourself around an egocentric person.

Philadelphia Story Character Analysis - 1316 Words

Philadelphia Story Character Analysis George Cukor’s star studded romantic comedy, The Philadelphia Story (1940), offers modern viewers a look at changing personalities in 1930s/40s American high society. The film stars Cary Grant, Katherine Hepburn, and James Stewart in a clash of cultures centered around a wedding. Macaulay Connor (Stewart) is a reporter for tabloid like Spy Magazine, on assignment to write an exposà © on the marriage of wealthy Tracy Lord (Katherine Hepburn) with the help of her ex-husband, C.K. Dexter Haven (Cary Grant). While all of the characters present go through a dramatic change of outlook, Connor’s is the most drastic. Macaulay Connor’s goal in life is to be respected for his writing. He works for Spy†¦show more content†¦When asked about her wedding, she comments, â€Å"We aren’t allowing any reporters in, except for little Mr. Grace who does the social news. Can you imagine a grown up man having to sink so low?† A little later in the same meeting, Tracy asks if Connor and Elizabeth are dating and receives only uncomfortable spluttering from the couple. Tracy then insinuates that Connor should have married Elizabeth if he loves her, at which Connor jerks and becomes uncomfortable. This moment exposes Connor’s emotional distance, an issue that continues throughout the film. It appears that Connor is unaware of his emotional objectivity towards his girlfriend, Elizabeth, until the end of the film. When asked why she has not married him yet, Elizabeth responds, â€Å"he’s still got a lot to learn. I don’t want to get in his way for a while.† While he is aware of his classism towards the wealthy, it is not until the end of the film that he recognizes that his prejudice towards the upper class is unfair. Connor is not aware of the extent to which he expresses his dislike of the upper class, in spite of being faced with examples that prove him wrong. As the story progresses, Connor begins to realize that the wealthy are as dysfunctional as everyone else. They have personal dilemmas, trauma, and struggles. His view of Tracy, the epitome in his eyes of upper class snobbery, begins to change when he discovers her reading his book in the library. â€Å"Are you sure you’reShow MoreRelatedTable Of Contents. Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2.1727 Words   |  7 PagesPresence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Competitive Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Platform-Specific Tactics and Tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Facebook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Twitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 LinkedIn†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 YouTube†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Instagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Work Cited Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Executive Summary: The Philadelphia Youth Network is anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Philadelphia Fire Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Philadelphia Fire laments the impossibility of attaining this ideal in late twentieth-century urban America.† Start with the investigation of escaped orphan from the fire, Cudjoe, the protagonist of the novel revealed a decayed city. 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Counseling in the Latino Culture Free Essays

Case Study of Mario Abstract Counseling members of the Latino culture who reside in the United States comes with many challenges, as family structure, economic, and social factors influence an individual’s ability to cope with his new surroundings. In the case study of Mario, an examination of his US residency and the motivational role his family played in his relocation is crucial in determining his mental state and understanding of support. Latino men are generally hesitant to seek counseling and admit weakness, and the mandate of the court for treatment may even create more resistance in the case of Mario. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling in the Latino Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now While treatment goals would include a complete abstinence from addictive substances, deeper success would come with a realization of his coping mechanisms and the environment factors triggering their defenses. Measures success will be found in the increased ability for Mario to self-disclose during treatment, cooperating in native-language journaling, and attendance and voluntary participation in addiction oriented group counseling. Personal Information When first meeting with Mario, I would like to understand more about who he is. Since we may not have complete file on his demographics, I would like to know his age, marital status, original residence, if he has children, and current employment situation. I would like to know about his journey to get into the United States, as well as the decision making that went into the process. Considering that he has left his family behind, I would like to know who he is staying with or his current living conditions. Since the ties among family are highly valued in the Hispanic culture, determining whose choice it was for Mario to enter the United States illegally would assist in understanding his emotional state and stability. As mentioned by Torres Zayas (2009), â€Å"Latino men are intensely devoted to their families, take great pride in their ability to provide for and protect their wives and children, and are deeply connected to their extended families and their broader communities† (Torres Zayas, 2009, p. 206). In light of this, I would like to know the motivation for being in the United States despite the risks associated with his alien status. I would also like to know if he any contact with his family back home. I would also like to know about his family background. The primary source of identity and self-esteem in a Latino is found in his familial structure (Torres-Rivera, 2004). Additionally, the family culture of the Latino population heavily involves the teaching and cultures of the Roman Catholic church, which is a source of Mario’s social interaction (Hildebrand, Phenice, Gray, Hinesm, 2008). The family structure and culture also provides understanding of the level of acceptance or tolerance for substance abuse, and whether or not there are any moral objections to such behaviors by relatives and his original community. This provides an avenue from which to pursue support or determine a weak spot in his associations (Torres-Rivera, 2004). I think it would also be pertinent to follow his journey in the United States for the past five years. How many times has he been unemployed? What different cultures, ethnicities, and attitudes has he been exposed too? How has he learned to communicate with others? Research show the social and economic conditions play a significant role in substance abuse among Latinos (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). Realizing what he has been exposed to may provide insight into his need or decision to abuse alcohol or other substances. Personal Biases and Limitations Having had previous exposure to the Latino community through a non-profit organization, I feel that I am comfortable around their culture. One of the keys to building successful rapport with a Latino client is familiarizing oneself with the Latino community and culture, and I think that my desire to become more education about diversity would allow me to accomplish this (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). However, realizing that he is an illegal alien does give me cause for concern and my first inclination may be to question why he is receiving counseling rather than being deported. Since men within the Latino â€Å"seldom present for treatment, and even more rarely do they make the initial request for services themselves† (Torres Zayas, 2009), I may be predisposed to assume that these sessions would be pointless and his addictions were just a part of his primary culture. I may also question who would be paying for the services, and feel that government funding would be better spent on individuals who had a â€Å"legitimate right† to ur services. Should he have limited English speaking abilities, I may be frustrated and feel that he had a responsibility to learn English if he wanted to a part of our country and just refer his case off to a Spanish speaking counselor so I would not have the challenges that would accompany that barrier. With these thoughts and biases, my understanding of his lifestyle and point of view would be skewed and I do not think that I would look objectively at goals and treatment plans. I may go through the motions of listening, but lack a sincerity and empathy in my approach and response. Latino individuals, especially men, need to develop strong rapport with their counselors or therapist, as self-disclosure is extremely difficult for them (Torres Zayas, 2009). My attitude may be easily sensed, which would lead to confrontation and hostility from the initial introductions (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). Goals In working with Mario, I think the primary goal would be abstinence from alcohol. Instead of explaining the evils of alcohol or the effects on his physical health or even the legal consequences of abuse, it is more critical that I engage him in a decision to abstain from alcohol for a specific period of time as we discuss the implications of his abuse on his family and community. Although he is separated from his family, deriving treatment goals from what is culturally acceptable behavior highlights one of the strongest values in the Hispanic culture- protecting and providing for the family (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004). Realizing that his dependence on alcohol may be a coping mechanism for his loneliness and having him explore avenues to become more socially engaged will be another goal that I pursue with Mario. In Latino men, â€Å"substance abuse is often used to cope with the discomfort and unmet emotional needs of the individual† (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004, p. 31). Despite the need for change, it is plausible that Mario will not support these goals. In fact, â€Å"resistance should be expected at with every intervention when working with Latino clients† (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004, p. 36). One suggestion for combatting this resistance would be to have Mario participate in a group counseling setting where he can examine the importance of cultural beliefs and values, as well as provide him a more â€Å"familiar face† environment where he can be honest with other Latino participants (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004). Theoretical Approach Because of the strong need for Latino men to feel in control and exude their masculine identity, I will have to carefully approach my discussions or plan for Mario (Torres Zayas, 2009). I would develop a better relationship if I share ideas and allow him to discuss it and offer input. The Latino population is generally not interested in lengthy, theoretical discussions and often prefers action. ‘Hispanic clients were found to be tolerant of early goal setting in the counseling process† (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991, p. 229). My style should be direct, and include an understanding of the problem form their perspective (Diller, 2011). It would also be important to incorporate a spiritual component to his treatment, â€Å"since spirituality for Latinos is an important part of their identity† (Maddux et al, 2004, p. 37). Latino individuals are known to terminate counseling prematurely (Madduz et al, 2004). With the fact that counseling has been mandated by the courts, I would establish a minimum of four sessions. Since the primary session will mainly gather information about his background, that leaves three sessions to work through what I have discovered and found to be important to him. Since this will be combined with attendance with a support group, I do not want to scare Mario or smother him in his treatment and progress. If there is a language barrier, it may be easier for Mario to communicate on a deeper emotional level in his native language (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). If this is the case and he is comfortable doing so, I would have him journal in Spanish or outwardly speak his thoughts occurring when he has a desire to drink or when he is lonely. This may be more effective than me trying to tell him how he might feel in English. Therapeutic Progress and Success While success would be for Mario to become more integrated into his present community and maintain control over his alcohol intake, measuring success for Mario may be difficult if he is unable remove the depression, fear, and stress that often accompanies Latinos residing in the United States (Maddux et al, 2004). However, smaller signs of success with be a noticeable change in his effort to participate in therapy and increase in the depth of his disclosers during sessions. Once Latino men are more comfortable and engaged in the therapeutic process, their walls come down and they are more willing to be personal and open in their revelations (Torres and Zayas, 2009). Further success would be shown in his willful participation in the group therapy that he has been required to attend. References Black, C. , DeBlassie, R. , Paz, H. (1991). Counseling the Hispanic male adolescent. Adolescence, 26(101), 223-32. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/195933761? accountid=12085 Diller, J. V. (2011). Cultural diversity: A primer for the human services (4th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hildebrand, V. , Phenice, L. , Gray, M. , Hines, R. (2008). Knowing and serving diverse families (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Maddxx, C. , Phan, L. , Roberts-Wilbur, J. , Torres-Rivera, E. , Wilbur, M. (2004) Counseling Latinos with substance abuse problems. Journal of Addictions Offender Counseling, 25(1), 26-42. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/194443893? accountid=12085 Torres, L. Zayas, L. (2009). Culture and masculinity: When therapist and patient are Latino men. Clinical Social Work Journal, 37(4), 294-302. doi: 10. 1007/s10615-009-0232-2 How to cite Counseling in the Latino Culture, Papers

Social Realism Essay Example For Students

Social Realism Essay Social Realism In ArtSocial realism, in art, describes both a specific stylistic approach and an overall attitude toward the subject. Social realism aims toward the not so lovely part of life. Its goal is not to amuse but to show the observer the evils of poverty , immorality and war. Social Realists believed that paintings should describe and express the people, their problems and their times. The roots of social realism lie in the 18th century. Some of the artists involved in the start of social realism are William Hogarth, Francisco de Goya and Honor Daumier. William Hogarth attacked drunkenness and foolish extravagance with his engravings of the 1730s to the 50s. Goya had a series of horrifying etchings titled The Disasters of War. Daumier had satiricial lithographs of the 1830s to 40s, that reflect deep social concern. Social realism painting declined, in France, after the 1860s which was the time it became important in Great Britian. Sir Luke Fildess Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, Frank Holls Newgate: Committed for Trial, and Hubert Herkomers Pressing to the West depict grimy scenes of urban poverty. In the 1900s the British social realist tradition was carried on in the United States by the Ashcan school. After 1920 its emphasis was carried on by several major American painters. Ben Shahn was one of the artists in the 1920s and early 30s. He showed laborers and other victims of the Depression as well as scenes of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial and execution. Also Ivan Albright and Edward Hopper focused on the isolation of individual people in a society.

Swifts Real Argument Essays - Narcissism, Social Psychology

Swift's Real Argument God only knows from whence came Freud's theory of penis envy, but one of his more tame theories, that of "reverse psychology", may have its roots in the satire of the late Jonathan Swift. I do not mean to assert that Swift employed or was at all familiar with that style of persuasion, but his style is certainly comparable. Reverse psychology (as I chose to define it for this paper) means taking arguments that affirm an issue to such a degree that they seem absurd, and thus oppose the issue. Swift, in "An Argument [Against] The Abolishing Of Christianity In England" stands up for Christianity, and based on the absurdity of his defense, he inadvertently desecrates it. He sets up a fictitious society in which Christianity is disregarded and disdained, but nominal Christianity remains. The author writes to defend this nominal Christianity from abolition. The arguments that the author uses, which are common knowledge in his time, if applied to Christianity in Swift's time would be quite d angerous allegations. Indeed, the reasons that Swift gives for the preservation of the fictitious Christianity are exactly what he sees wrong with the Christianity practiced in his time. By applying Swift's satirical argument for the preservation of this fictitious religion to that which was currently practiced, Swift asserts that their Christianity served ulterior motives, both for the government and for the people. If we are to prove that the government was using religion for selfish purposes, we must be sure that it was not serving its intended purpose, the assurance of the moral sanctity of its policies. This is quite evident in the author's comment that if real Christianity was revived, it would be, "destroy at one blow all the wit and half the learning of the kingdom; to break the entire frame and constitution of things[.]" This proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that Christianity has no influence on the government's current policies. It even seems as if the government established Church isn't completely rooted in Christianity, as the author weakly suggests that, "[A]bolishing Christianity may perhaps bring the church into danger." The ways that the government actually uses Christianity are completely selfish. One such purpose is the consolation of allies, "among whom, for we ought to know, it may be the custom of the country to believe a God." He later goes on to suggest the abolition of Christianity in peace-time in order to avoid the loss of allies. It also seems as if the government uses Christianity to pacify the commoners. Although Swift sarcastically interjects, "Not that I [agree] with those who hold religion to have been the intervention of politicians to keep the lower part of the world in awe," he also says that religion is, "[O]f singular use for the common people." In other instances, the government does not use, but certainly benefits from Christianity. In several ways Christianity is a buffer from dissension, in that it takes a blow that might have instead landed on government. Many of the reasons that the author's opposition has given for abolishing Christianity deals with the settlement of unrest that comes from religious disputes. One such example they give is that if Christianity were abolished, there would be no more persecution of "blasphemers". Swift answers that these people are naturally inclined to rebel against establishments. Therefore, if the church, their favorite object of rebellion, was taken away, they would resort to rebelling against the government. This statement suggests that ,"deorum offensa diis curae" (offenses against the gods are the god's business). If applied to the English government, it accuses them of only punishing "blasphemers" in the interest of protecting the government. Another argument that the author cou nters is that upon the fall of Christianity, Protestants and other dissenters would be able to again join in communion with the Catholic church. To this, the author retorts that while this may take away one reason for dissension, "spirit of opposition" would still remain. Thus, when these Protestants found themselves unhappily thrust back into the fold, they would simply find another area in which to dissent, and this time it may be an important area like government. While reaffirming the government's selfish motives, this

Importance of 1968 PFLP Hijacking of El Al Flight

Importance of 1968 PFLP Hijacking of El Al Flight On July 22, 1968, an El Al Israel Airlines plan departing from Rome and headed for Tel Aviv, Israel, was hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They successfully diverted the plane, carrying 32 passengers and 10 crew members, to Algiers. Most of the passengers were released relatively quickly, but for seven crew members and five Israeli male passengers, who were held hostage for five weeks. After 40 days of negotiation, the Israelis agreed to the exchange. Why?: The PFLP, a Palestinian nationalist organization with different ideological outlooks at different times (from Arab nationalist, to Maoist, to Leninist) sought to use spectacular tactics to bring world wide attention to Palestinian dispossession. They also sought an exchange of Palestinian militants held prisoner in Israeli prisons for the Israeli men they hostage. What Made the Hijacking Notable?: The 1968 bombing was the first time that the PFLP, or any Palestinian group, hijacked a plane. This spectacular form of terrorism, designed to get global attention, would become a regular occurrence over the next several years.The 1968 bombing was the first time that an El Al flight was hijacked. El Al is Israels major commercial carrier. Following the hijacking, El Al became extremely security-conscious and instituted the first baggage check program.This bombing is sometimes considered to be  the inaugural event for international terrorism. Also of Interest: History of TerrorismCarlos the Jackal, PFLP hired gun

Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group Project - Essay Example In course of overall new business setup implementation the Unique Boutique has scheduled for a grand reopening of the store on May 24, 2010. Thus, by considering all these aspects we will plan the overall project. To estimate the overall time plans of the project we will use the CPA (Critical Path Analysis) technique, which is commonly used for the estimation of the appropriate time line in the project planning. This will also help us in handling and deploying the project resources. According to specification of the Unique Boutique management this project should not take more than 90 days. Unique Boutique has specified that this time line states exactly after the award of the contract for the overall technology development. As I have estimated and analyzed the nature of the project, I have found that this time line is enough for the completion of the overall project, i.e. development of the new customer database. According to specification of the Unique Boutique management this present project should be completed within budget of $10,000. In other words, that project completion should not take more than $10,000. For the resource acquisition firm will hire a technical consultant who will be responsible for managing the purchase of different equipment for the corporation. In this scenario the corporation’s technical consultant will survey the business and assess the main needs of new technology platform implementation. In this scenario he will build a requirements list. After that we will create a contract for all technology products to an outside technology vendor. These products will be acquired on established some effective deals. Unique Boutique’s staff will require training to use the new technology based equipment regarding working and handling of the new technology. In this scenario, the customer services and sales management staff will be trained. In addition, we will train approximately ten people for usage of system and handling the

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Politics - Essay Example The fundamental ideas in liberalism were expressed by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. The two believe that the governed are the ones who have and retain the sovereign power. Liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state in the economic life of society. Liberal theorists agreed with Adam Smith that economic systems that are based on free markets are more efficient, and that they generate more wealth than those that are partly state-controlled. The Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America resulted in great inequalities in wealth and other social problems. Looking for solutions to these problems, liberals advocated for limited government intervention in the market and for the creation of government funded services e.g. free public education and health insurance. Further expansion of social welfare programs occurred in America after World War II. The presence of economic stagnation in the late 1970s, made the classical liberals more vocal in their position favoring free mark ets. Liberals consider the government as tasked with removing obstacles that prevent individuals from living freely or from fully realizing their potential. These obstacles include poverty, disease, discrimination and ignorance. In the United States, liberalism is associated with the welfare-state policies of the New Deal Programme of the Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. According to McGowan, American liberalism is different from its European and English counterparts because established religion, an entrenched aristocracy, and an absolutist state never gained a serious foothold in the American colonies. Similarly,

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world . In GSM signaling and speech channels are digital and data communication is easy to build into the system GSM is a cellular network,and mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network-macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.900MHz GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. It uses eight time slots, hence one carrier can support eight full rate or sixteen half rate channels. Channel separation is 200kHz with mobile transmit channels in the range 890 to 915MHz and mobile receive channels in the range 935 to 960MHz. Peak output power of the transmitters depends on the class of the mobile station and can be 0.8, 2, 5, 8, or 20 watts. GSM is based on digital cellular networks which have some advantages as listed below Greater spectrum usage efficiency compared to analogue approaches. Improved service quality for users in the form of improved speech quality, improved security through inbuilt encryption (there is none at present), and higher connection reliability. Larger number of advanced user services and easier linkage to private and public ISDN networks. CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM GSM uses multiple access technology like FDMA/TDMA and CDMA TDMA. With time division multiple access simultaneous conversations are supported by users transmitting in short bursts at different times or slots. FDMA. In frequency division multiple access, the total band is split into narrow frequency subbands and a channel is allocated exclusively to each user during the course of a call. One is used for transmission and one for reception. CDMA. Code division multiple access allows all users access to all frequencies with the allocated band. A single user is extracted from the mayhem by looking for each users individual code using a correlator. Although not selected for the current generation of mobile digital technologies, CDMA holds much promise as the future technology of choice for GSM replacement in the next century. †¢ GSM uses frequency division duplexing. †¢ Channel for uplink is from : 890 915 MHz †¢ Channel for downlink is from 935 960 MHz †¢ Distance b/w the frequencies used for uplink and downlink (duplex distance) is 45 MHz †¢ Frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan(channel spacing) is 200khz. †¢ Total number of frequencies are equal to 124 †¢ Bit rate of each channel is 270.9 kbit/s †¢ Duration of data frame in GSM is 4.615 msec †¢ Number of time slots are 8 and each slot is of (4.615 / 8) 0.577 m sec Speech bit rate is 13 kbits /sec ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM The first GSM system specification was published in July 1991 and was immediately followed by several false starts. This was brought about by a combination over-optimism, difficulties in type approval testing, and inevitable changes to the GSM specification. The first terminals appeared on the market in June 1992. A combination of high demand for mobile services and a lack of capacity in the installed analogue network, has made Germany the most advanced country for GSM deployment. In the UK, Vodafone have said that they now cover 60-70% of the UK population with their GSM service and expect 90% coverage by mid 1993. GSM has also been accepted for use by over seventeen European countries and several others including New Zealand and Hong Kong ending a period of diverse and proprietary standards. Some of the problems which were faced by the Europians when implementing these brand new technology were In many countries there is no overt demand or need for GSM. Analogue services are available and under employed. GSM coverage needs to be as wide as analogue before users will swap over. The current generation of GSM hand portables are not as small or as light as analogue variants. This will limit the interest of many users, even though a better service may be provided by GSM technology. Terminal prices for digital technologies are high compared to analogue. It is likely that it will be very difficult to get users to pay higher call charges for an improved service so GSM cannot be positioned as a higher quality/higher price service. CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION Modulation scheme which is used in GSM is GMSK which is based on MSK.MSK uses linear phase changes and is spectral efficient. Block diagram of GMSK generator: Some of the properties of the GMSK are Improved spectral efficiency Power Spectral Density Reduced main lobe over MSK Requires more power to transmit data than many comparable modulation schemes Before the GMSK can be explained, some fundamentals of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) must be known. MSK (MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0s and 1s, but unlike most other keying schemes we have seen in class, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what information is being sent, but what was previously sent. Following is the pulse used in MSK Where if a 1 was sent if a 0 was sent To see how this works assume that the data being sent is 111010000, then the phase of the signal would fluctuate as seen below In order to see the signal constellation diagram consider the following equations which can be simplefied as where and Thus the equations for s1 and s2 depend only on andwith each taking one of two possible values. Therefore there are 4 different possibilities therefore the signal constellation diagram will be Advantages of MFSK MSK produces a power spectrum density that falls off much faster compared to the spectrum of QPSK. While QPSK falls off at the inverse square of the frequency, MSK falls off at the inverse fourth power of the frequency. Thus MSK can operate in a smaller bandwidth compared to QPSK GMSK(GAUSSIAN-MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) Even though MSKs power spectrum density falls quite fast, it does not fall fast enough so that interference between adjacent signals in the frequency band can be avoided. To take care of the problem, the original binary signal is passed through a Gaussian shaped filter before it is modulated with MSK. The principle parameter in designing an appropriate Gaussian filter is the time-bandwidth product WTb.Following figure shows the frequency response of different Gaussian filters.MSK has a time-bandwidth product of infinity As can be seen that GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker than MSKs. Furthermore, as WTb is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker In the GSM standard a time-bandwidth product of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency and intersymbol interference. With this value of WTb, 99% of the power spectrum is within a bandwidth of 250 kHz, and since GSM spectrum is divided into 200 kHz channels for multiple access, there is very little interference between the channels The speed at which GSM can transmit at, with WTb=0.3, is 271 kb/s. It cannot go faster, since that would cause intersymbol interference CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM The strong demand for GSM is continuing. Today, GSM is used by 2.3 billion people worldwide and the strong growth is expected to be maintained. Most of the expansion occurs in high-growth markets, where the cost of mobile calls and terminals is crucial. With the success of GSM and to meet the demanding requirements of the subscribers, GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE has been introduced which offer high data rates for the transmission. 3rd Generation (3G) systems will soon be introduced in Pakistan offering new and interesting services to the users and will bring internet to new levels In future strong focus of GSM operators will be on maintaining high quality of service, increasing usage and exploring new revenue streams on value added services, market visibility through various market initiatives to fulfill subscribers satisfaction and demand and above all to increase the value of investment for the shareholders. MATLAB CODE (IMPLEMENTATION OF GMSK) clear all; close all; DRate = 1; % data rate or 1 bit in one second M = 18; % no. of sample per bit N = 36; % no. of bits for simulation [-18:18] BT = 0.5; % Bandwidth*Period (cannot change ) T = 1/DRate; % data period , i.e 1 bit in one second Ts = T/M; k=[-18:18]; % Chens values. More than needed; % only introduces a little more delay alpha = sqrt(log(2))/(2*pi*BT); % alpha calculated for the gaussian filter response h = exp(-(k*Ts).^2/(2*alpha^2*T^2))/(sqrt(2*pi)*alpha*T); % Gaussian Filter Response in time domain figure; plot(h) title(Response of Gaussian Filter); xlabel( Sample at Ts); ylabel( Normalized Magnitude); grid; bits = [zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36)]; % Modulation m = filter(h,1,bits);% bits are passed through the all pole filter described by h, i.e bits are % shaped by gaussian filter t0=.35; % signal duration ts=0.00135; % sampling interval fc=200; % carrier frequency kf=100; % Modulation index fs=1/ts; % sampling frequency t=[0:ts:t0]; % time vector df=0.25; % required frequency resolution int_m(1)=0; for i=1:length(t)-1 % Integral of m int_m(i+1)=int_m(i)+m(i)*ts; end tx_signal=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_m); % it is frequency modulation not the phase modulating with the integral of the signal x = cos(2*pi*fc*t); y = sin(2*pi*fc*t); figure; subplot(3,1,1) stem(bits(1:200)) title(Gaussian Filtered Pulse Train); grid; subplot(3,1,2) plot(m(1:230)) title(Gaussian Shaped train); xlim([0 225]); subplot(3,1,3) plot(tx_signal) title(Modulated signal); xlim([0 225]); % Channel Equalization %load C:CASEDigital_Communicationprojectgmskalichannel.mat load channel.mat h = channel; N1 = 700; x1 = randn(N1,1); d = filter(h,1,x1); Ord = 256; Lambda = 0.98; delta = 0.001; P = delta*eye(Ord); w = zeros(Ord,1); for n = Ord:N1 u = x1(n:-1:n-Ord+1); pi = P*u; k = Lambda + u*pi; K = pi/k; e(n) = d(n) w*u; w = w + K *e(n); PPrime = K*pi; P = (P-PPrime)/Lambda; w_err(n) = norm(h-w); end figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(w); title(Channel Response); subplot(3,1,2); plot(h,r); title(Adaptive Channel Response); rcvd_signal = conv(h,tx_signal); subplot(3,1,3); plot(rcvd_signal); title(Received Signal); eq_signal = conv(1/w,rcvd_signal); figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); subplot(3,1,2); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); axis([208 500 -2 2]); subplot(3,1,3); plot(tx_signal,r); title(Modulated Signal); % Demodulation eq_signal1 = eq_signal(200:460-1); In = x.*eq_signal1; Qn = y.*eq_signal1; noiseI = awgn(In,20); noiseQ = awgn(Qn,20); I = In + noiseI; Q = Qn + noiseQ; LP = fir1(32,0.18); yI = filter(LP,1,I); yQ = filter(LP,1,Q); figure; subplot(2,1,1); plot(yI); title(Inphase Component); xlim([0 256]); subplot(2,1,2); plot(yQ); title(Quadrature Component); xlim([0 256]); Z = yI + yQ*j; demod(1:N) = imag(Z(1:N)); demod(N+1:length(Z)) = imag(Z(N+1:length(Z)).*conj(Z(1:length(Z)-N))); xt = -10*demod(1:N/2:length(demod)) xd = xt(4:2:length(xt)) figure; stem(xd) title(Demodulated Signal); OUTPUTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION MSK GMSK CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM CHAPTER 6: MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION

Perfume †Grenouille Analysis Essay

Throughout the story â€Å"Perfume† by Patrick Suskind, Grenouille is presented as an outsider who is a product of both social and moral decay shown through his birth, description of the setting and description of Grenouille’s characteristics. Grenouille was born in the malodorous fish market of Paris in the â€Å"18th century†, where the 18th century was a period of tragedy and chaos where foul smells were everywhere. Moreover, Grenouille being born in a â€Å"fish market† indicates the evil and unnatural nature of Grenouille as he is born in the worst smelling, filthiest and unnatural place in Paris. Even more, being born in a fish market in a â€Å"pile of fish guts† shows Grenouille as a victim of social decay where society and degraded so far to the point where babies mattered just as much as fish guts. Obviously, Grenouille’s future is seen to be full of sin and filthiness as seen from his birth place. Furthermore, from the moment Grenouille was born, he was endowed with a powerful sense of smell which he â€Å"used as a language† further suggesting his filthy and malicious future as the first smell he smelt was the disgusting stench of the fish market foreshadowing his disgusting future intentions. Using smell â€Å"as a language†, shows the difference between him and all other people in society making him an outsider. Similarly, like an animal, Grenouille uses sense of smell to communicate and judge his surroundings portraying his animalistic characteristics inside as well as the predator within him using scent to track prey as animals do. Clearly, Grenouille’s powerful sense of smell foreshadows his violent, animalistic future intentions. Conversely, through free indirect discourse, Suskind develops sympathy for Grenouille and portrays him as an outsider and a product of social decay. There is described to be a â€Å"stench barely conceivable† showing Grenouilles abundance of a smell setting him aside and different to â€Å"the people, the stairwells, the parlours and the bedrooms.. † making him different to anything normal making him an outsider. However, sympathy is developed for him when he describes everything in society to have a stench showing that he felt everything in society and all the people in it stank thus causing him to become a victim of social decay. Grenouille is further conveyed as a victim of social decay when upper class supposedly high ranked and highly respected people are portrayed as fools and almost idiots. Through Comic Irony Father Terrier is seen as an uneducated fool and childish when using the phrase â€Å"poohpeedooh†. The repetition of this phrase further illustrates the foolish nature of a highly respected person showing social decay. Moreover, presenting the upper class in France as silly and foolish shows the decay of society and how even foolish people such as Father Terrier are respected and looked up to making Grenouille a victim to this social decay as well as an outsider as he does not respect these foolish upper class people and does not follow the demands of society. Similarly, Grenouille is again seen as an outsider when society refuses to accept him. His mother leaves him to die in a pile of fish guts and many others refuse to take him in, leaving him as an unwanted outsider. Again this foreshadows his future actions of violence and murder when society rejects him and many people act on their basic instincts and leave him to die suggesting a sense of evil in him. Grenouille is further shown as an outsider when he is described to have a â€Å"lack of scent†. This lack of scent clearly shows he is unnatural and he is not a normal being as well as further suggests his evil nature as he is able to move around unnoticed by anything allowing him to be able to do things unnoticed. Clearly, Grenouille has an unnatural, evil feel to him as seen through his characteristics and the way he is rejected purely but instincts by society. As seen from his birthplace, the setting and his characteristics Grenouille is clearly an outsider in society and this will ultimately lead to the murder of several women as well as chaos.

Perl programming language Essay

Perl is a high level programming language as it is designed to take care of the various problems of the business users. It facilitates programming for a wide range of tasks such as system administration, web development, network programming, excellent support for text processing, collection of third party modules and Graphical User Interface development. The most special feature of this language is that it can enable one to adopt multiple programming and design paradigms such as procedural, object oriented and functional styles. This allows one to take any shape when it comes to serving a larger domain of programmers with varied objectives. Perl programming language also facilitates reference counting memory management schemes which help the garbage collection algorithms to dereference the unused objects in the memory (Sheppard, 2000). One of the biggest ability of Perl as a programming language is that it can facilitate the use of databases and efficient use of SQL language. Its database drivers which are implemented as third party modules can access up to 50 databases. Perl optimizes jobs for performance and makes sure that it is tuned for performance using the inline codes of ‘C’ and ‘Assembler’. The interpreted nature makes it possible to insert inline modules of other languages thus also making the programming language slower in performance. Perl is also used in writing CGI scripts which facilitated web programming to a large extent. Major website’s like amazon. com, bbc. com and many others use Perl almost extensively. Perl is termed as a glue language as it happens to interface successfully with systems and various interfaces for data transfer and use.

Women Who Were Models of Roman Virtue